What does an access control list (ACL) specify?

An access control list (ACL) specifies the permissions associated with an object. ACLs are critical in managing security by defining which users or system processes have access to certain resources and what actions they are allowed to perform on those resources. For instance, an ACL can designate whether a user has read, write, or execute permissions on a file or directory, effectively controlling access to sensitive information.

The role of ACLs extends across various systems, including file systems, database management systems, and network devices. By specifying permissions for different users or groups, ACLs help enforce security policies and ensure that only authorized individuals can interact with specific data or systems. This plays a major role in protecting sensitive information and maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of data.

The other options provided do not accurately reflect the primary purpose of an ACL. While allowed network protocols, software installations, and network segmentation rules are important aspects of a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy, they do not fall under the purview of what an access control list specifically addresses. ACLs focus narrowly on determining permissions, which reinforces their essential role in access management.